TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA CARBON FOOTPRINTS
Identifieur interne : 006673 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 006672; suivant : 006674TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA CARBON FOOTPRINTS
Auteurs : R. C. Thomas [États-Unis] ; G. Aldering [États-Unis] ; P. Antilogus [France] ; C. Aragon [États-Unis] ; S. Bailey [États-Unis] ; C. Baltay [États-Unis] ; S. Bongard [France] ; C. Buton [Allemagne] ; A. Canto [France] ; M. Childress [États-Unis] ; N. Chotard [France] ; Y. Copin [France] ; H. K. Fakhouri [États-Unis] ; E. Gangler [France] ; E. Y. Hsiao [États-Unis] ; M. Kerschhaggl [Allemagne] ; M. Kowalski [Allemagne] ; S. Loken [États-Unis] ; P. Nugent [États-Unis] ; K. Paech [Allemagne] ; R. Pain [France] ; E. Pecontal [France] ; R. Pereira [France] ; S. Perlmutter [États-Unis] ; D. Rabinowitz [États-Unis] ; M. Rigault [France] ; D. Rubin [États-Unis] ; K. Runge [États-Unis] ; R. Scalzo [France] ; G. Smadja [France] ; C. Tao [France, Australie] ; B. A. Weaver [France] ; C. Wu [République populaire de Chine] ; P. J. Brown [États-Unis] ; P. A. Milne [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- The Astrophysical journal [ 0004-637X ] ; 2011.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
We present convincing evidence of unburned carbon at photospheric velocities in new observations of five Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained by the Nearby Supernova Factory. These SNe are identified by examining 346 spectra from 124 SNe obtained before +2.5 days relative to maximum. Detections are based on the presence of relatively strong C II λ6580 absorption "notches" in multiple spectra of each SN, aided by automated fitting with the SYNAPPS code. Four of the five SNe in question are otherwise spectroscopically unremarkable, with ions and ejection velocities typical of SNe Ia, but spectra of the fifth exhibit high-velocity (ù > 20, 000 km s-1) Si II and Ca II features. On the other hand, the light curve properties are preferentially grouped, strongly suggesting a connection between carbon-positivity and broadband light curve/color behavior: three of the five have relatively narrow light curves but also blue colors and a fourth may be a dust-reddened member of this family. Accounting for signal to noise and phase, we estimate that 22+10-6% of SNe Ia exhibit spectroscopic CII signatures as late as -5 days with respect to maximum. We place these new objects in the context of previously recognized carbon-positive SNe Ia and consider reasonable scenarios seeking to explain a physical connection between light curve properties and the presence of photospheric carbon. We also examine the detailed evolution of the detected carbon signatures and the surrounding wavelength regions to shed light on the distribution of carbon in the ejecta. Our ability to reconstruct the C II λ6580 feature in detail under the assumption of purely spherical symmetry casts doubt on a "carbon blobs" hypothesis, but does not rule out all asymmetric models. A low volume filling factor for carbon, combined with line-of-sight effects, seems unlikely to explain the scarcity of detected carbon in SNe Ia by itself.
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, France, République populaire de Chine, États-Unis
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, District de Cologne, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Rhône-Alpes, Île-de-France
- Bonn, Lyon, Marseille, Paris, Pékin, Saint Genis Laval
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Le document en format XML
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Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Computational Cosmology Center, Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS 50B-4206</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94611</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah</s1><s2>Salt Lake City, UT 84112</s2><s3>USA</s3></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Salt Lake City, UT 84112</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue</s1><s2>Tucson, AZ 85719</s2><s3>USA</s3></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Tucson, AZ 85719</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aldering, G" sort="Aldering, G" uniqKey="Aldering G" first="G." last="Aldering">G. Aldering</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antilogus, P" sort="Antilogus, P" uniqKey="Antilogus P" first="P." last="Antilogus">P. Antilogus</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragon, C" sort="Aragon, C" uniqKey="Aragon C" first="C." last="Aragon">C. Aragon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, S" sort="Bailey, S" uniqKey="Bailey S" first="S." last="Bailey">S. Bailey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baltay, C" sort="Baltay, C" uniqKey="Baltay C" first="C." last="Baltay">C. Baltay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Physics, Yale University</s1><s2>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bongard, S" sort="Bongard, S" uniqKey="Bongard S" first="S." last="Bongard">S. Bongard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buton, C" sort="Buton, C" uniqKey="Buton C" first="C." last="Buton">C. Buton</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canto, A" sort="Canto, A" uniqKey="Canto A" first="A." last="Canto">A. Canto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Childress, M" sort="Childress, M" uniqKey="Childress M" first="M." last="Childress">M. Childress</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chotard, N" sort="Chotard, N" uniqKey="Chotard N" first="N." last="Chotard">N. Chotard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Copin, Y" sort="Copin, Y" uniqKey="Copin Y" first="Y." last="Copin">Y. Copin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhouri, H K" sort="Fakhouri, H K" uniqKey="Fakhouri H" first="H. K." last="Fakhouri">H. K. Fakhouri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gangler, E" sort="Gangler, E" uniqKey="Gangler E" first="E." last="Gangler">E. Gangler</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsiao, E Y" sort="Hsiao, E Y" uniqKey="Hsiao E" first="E. Y." last="Hsiao">E. Y. Hsiao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerschhaggl, M" sort="Kerschhaggl, M" uniqKey="Kerschhaggl M" first="M." last="Kerschhaggl">M. Kerschhaggl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kowalski, M" sort="Kowalski, M" uniqKey="Kowalski M" first="M." last="Kowalski">M. Kowalski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loken, S" sort="Loken, S" uniqKey="Loken S" first="S." last="Loken">S. Loken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nugent, P" sort="Nugent, P" uniqKey="Nugent P" first="P." last="Nugent">P. Nugent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Computational Cosmology Center, Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS 50B-4206</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94611</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paech, K" sort="Paech, K" uniqKey="Paech K" first="K." last="Paech">K. Paech</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pain, R" sort="Pain, R" uniqKey="Pain R" first="R." last="Pain">R. Pain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pecontal, E" sort="Pecontal, E" uniqKey="Pecontal E" first="E." last="Pecontal">E. Pecontal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Universite de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne</s1><s2>Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, R" sort="Pereira, R" uniqKey="Pereira R" first="R." last="Pereira">R. Pereira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69622 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perlmutter, S" sort="Perlmutter, S" uniqKey="Perlmutter S" first="S." last="Perlmutter">S. Perlmutter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabinowitz, D" sort="Rabinowitz, D" uniqKey="Rabinowitz D" first="D." last="Rabinowitz">D. Rabinowitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Physics, Yale University</s1><s2>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rigault, M" sort="Rigault, M" uniqKey="Rigault M" first="M." last="Rigault">M. Rigault</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubin, D" sort="Rubin, D" uniqKey="Rubin D" first="D." last="Rubin">D. Rubin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Runge, K" sort="Runge, K" uniqKey="Runge K" first="K." last="Runge">K. Runge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scalzo, R" sort="Scalzo, R" uniqKey="Scalzo R" first="R." last="Scalzo">R. Scalzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon</s1><s2>Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smadja, G" sort="Smadja, G" uniqKey="Smadja G" first="G." last="Smadja">G. Smadja</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69622 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tao, C" sort="Tao, C" uniqKey="Tao C" first="C." last="Tao">C. Tao</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Centre de Recherche Astronomique de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 9 Avenue Charles Andre</s1><s2>69561 Saint Genis Laval</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>31 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Saint Genis Laval</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, The Australian National University, Cotter Road</s1><s2>Weston ACT 2611</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>31 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Weston ACT 2611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, B A" sort="Weaver, B A" uniqKey="Weaver B" first="B. A." last="Weaver">B. A. Weaver</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case 902</s1><s2>13288 Marseille</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>32 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, C" sort="Wu, C" uniqKey="Wu C" first="C." last="Wu">C. Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University</s1><s2>Beijing 100084</s2><s3>CHN</s3><sZ>33 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>République populaire de Chine</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, P J" sort="Brown, P J" uniqKey="Brown P" first="P. J." last="Brown">P. J. Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University, 4 Washington Place</s1><s2>New York, NY 10003</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>34 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>New York, NY 10003</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milne, P A" sort="Milne, P A" uniqKey="Milne P" first="P. A." last="Milne">P. A. Milne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences</s1><s2>Beijing 100012</s2><s3>CHN</s3><sZ>35 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>République populaire de Chine</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">12-0032592</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 12-0032592 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:12-0032592</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">001697</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">004812</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">001623</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001623</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0004-637X:2011:Thomas R:type:ia:supernova</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">006A74</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">006673</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">006673</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA CARBON FOOTPRINTS</title><author><name sortKey="Thomas, R C" sort="Thomas, R C" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="R. C." last="Thomas">R. C. Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Computational Cosmology Center, Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS 50B-4206</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94611</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah</s1><s2>Salt Lake City, UT 84112</s2><s3>USA</s3></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Salt Lake City, UT 84112</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue</s1><s2>Tucson, AZ 85719</s2><s3>USA</s3></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Tucson, AZ 85719</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aldering, G" sort="Aldering, G" uniqKey="Aldering G" first="G." last="Aldering">G. Aldering</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antilogus, P" sort="Antilogus, P" uniqKey="Antilogus P" first="P." last="Antilogus">P. Antilogus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragon, C" sort="Aragon, C" uniqKey="Aragon C" first="C." last="Aragon">C. Aragon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, S" sort="Bailey, S" uniqKey="Bailey S" first="S." last="Bailey">S. Bailey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baltay, C" sort="Baltay, C" uniqKey="Baltay C" first="C." last="Baltay">C. Baltay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Physics, Yale University</s1><s2>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bongard, S" sort="Bongard, S" uniqKey="Bongard S" first="S." last="Bongard">S. Bongard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buton, C" sort="Buton, C" uniqKey="Buton C" first="C." last="Buton">C. Buton</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canto, A" sort="Canto, A" uniqKey="Canto A" first="A." last="Canto">A. Canto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Childress, M" sort="Childress, M" uniqKey="Childress M" first="M." last="Childress">M. Childress</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chotard, N" sort="Chotard, N" uniqKey="Chotard N" first="N." last="Chotard">N. Chotard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69622 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Copin, Y" sort="Copin, Y" uniqKey="Copin Y" first="Y." last="Copin">Y. Copin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69622 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhouri, H K" sort="Fakhouri, H K" uniqKey="Fakhouri H" first="H. K." last="Fakhouri">H. K. Fakhouri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gangler, E" sort="Gangler, E" uniqKey="Gangler E" first="E." last="Gangler">E. Gangler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69622 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsiao, E Y" sort="Hsiao, E Y" uniqKey="Hsiao E" first="E. Y." last="Hsiao">E. Y. Hsiao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerschhaggl, M" sort="Kerschhaggl, M" uniqKey="Kerschhaggl M" first="M." last="Kerschhaggl">M. Kerschhaggl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kowalski, M" sort="Kowalski, M" uniqKey="Kowalski M" first="M." last="Kowalski">M. Kowalski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loken, S" sort="Loken, S" uniqKey="Loken S" first="S." last="Loken">S. Loken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nugent, P" sort="Nugent, P" uniqKey="Nugent P" first="P." last="Nugent">P. Nugent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Computational Cosmology Center, Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS 50B-4206</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94611</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paech, K" sort="Paech, K" uniqKey="Paech K" first="K." last="Paech">K. Paech</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, Nussallee 12</s1><s2>53115 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pain, R" sort="Pain, R" uniqKey="Pain R" first="R." last="Pain">R. Pain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu</s1><s2>75252 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pecontal, E" sort="Pecontal, E" uniqKey="Pecontal E" first="E." last="Pecontal">E. Pecontal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Universite de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne</s1><s2>Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, R" sort="Pereira, R" uniqKey="Pereira R" first="R." last="Pereira">R. Pereira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69622 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perlmutter, S" sort="Perlmutter, S" uniqKey="Perlmutter S" first="S." last="Perlmutter">S. Perlmutter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabinowitz, D" sort="Rabinowitz, D" uniqKey="Rabinowitz D" first="D." last="Rabinowitz">D. Rabinowitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Physics, Yale University</s1><s2>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>New Haven, CT 06250-8121</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rigault, M" sort="Rigault, M" uniqKey="Rigault M" first="M." last="Rigault">M. Rigault</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubin, D" sort="Rubin, D" uniqKey="Rubin D" first="D." last="Rubin">D. Rubin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720-7300</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Runge, K" sort="Runge, K" uniqKey="Runge K" first="K." last="Runge">K. Runge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>27 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scalzo, R" sort="Scalzo, R" uniqKey="Scalzo R" first="R." last="Scalzo">R. Scalzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon</s1><s2>Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smadja, G" sort="Smadja, G" uniqKey="Smadja G" first="G." last="Smadja">G. Smadja</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Université de Lyon</s1><s2>69622 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ><sZ>30 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69622 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tao, C" sort="Tao, C" uniqKey="Tao C" first="C." last="Tao">C. Tao</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Centre de Recherche Astronomique de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 9 Avenue Charles Andre</s1><s2>69561 Saint Genis Laval</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>31 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Saint Genis Laval</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, The Australian National University, Cotter Road</s1><s2>Weston ACT 2611</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>31 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Weston ACT 2611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, B A" sort="Weaver, B A" uniqKey="Weaver B" first="B. A." last="Weaver">B. A. Weaver</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case 902</s1><s2>13288 Marseille</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>32 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, C" sort="Wu, C" uniqKey="Wu C" first="C." last="Wu">C. Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University</s1><s2>Beijing 100084</s2><s3>CHN</s3><sZ>33 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>République populaire de Chine</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, P J" sort="Brown, P J" uniqKey="Brown P" first="P. J." last="Brown">P. J. Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University, 4 Washington Place</s1><s2>New York, NY 10003</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>34 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>New York, NY 10003</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milne, P A" sort="Milne, P A" uniqKey="Milne P" first="P. A." last="Milne">P. A. Milne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences</s1><s2>Beijing 100012</s2><s3>CHN</s3><sZ>35 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>République populaire de Chine</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">The Astrophysical journal</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Astrophys. j.</title><idno type="ISSN">0004-637X</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">The Astrophysical journal</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Astrophys. j.</title><idno type="ISSN">0004-637X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Color</term><term>Color curve</term><term>Fill factor</term><term>Light curves</term><term>Models</term><term>Phase noise</term><term>Spherical symmetry</term><term>Type I supernova</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Supernova type I</term><term>Courbe lumière</term><term>Courbe couleur</term><term>Couleur</term><term>Bruit phase</term><term>Symétrie sphérique</term><term>Modèle</term><term>Facteur remplissage</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">We present convincing evidence of unburned carbon at photospheric velocities in new observations of five Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained by the Nearby Supernova Factory. These SNe are identified by examining 346 spectra from 124 SNe obtained before +2.5 days relative to maximum. Detections are based on the presence of relatively strong C II λ6580 absorption "notches" in multiple spectra of each SN, aided by automated fitting with the SYNAPPS code. Four of the five SNe in question are otherwise spectroscopically unremarkable, with ions and ejection velocities typical of SNe Ia, but spectra of the fifth exhibit high-velocity (ù > 20, 000 km s<sup>-1</sup>) Si II and Ca II features. On the other hand, the light curve properties are preferentially grouped, strongly suggesting a connection between carbon-positivity and broadband light curve/color behavior: three of the five have relatively narrow light curves but also blue colors and a fourth may be a dust-reddened member of this family. Accounting for signal to noise and phase, we estimate that 22<sup>+10</sup><sub>-6</sub>% of SNe Ia exhibit spectroscopic CII signatures as late as -5 days with respect to maximum. We place these new objects in the context of previously recognized carbon-positive SNe Ia and consider reasonable scenarios seeking to explain a physical connection between light curve properties and the presence of photospheric carbon. We also examine the detailed evolution of the detected carbon signatures and the surrounding wavelength regions to shed light on the distribution of carbon in the ejecta. Our ability to reconstruct the C II λ6580 feature in detail under the assumption of purely spherical symmetry casts doubt on a "carbon blobs" hypothesis, but does not rule out all asymmetric models. A low volume filling factor for carbon, combined with line-of-sight effects, seems unlikely to explain the scarcity of detected carbon in SNe Ia by itself.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>District de Cologne</li><li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Bonn</li><li>Lyon</li><li>Marseille</li><li>Paris</li><li>Pékin</li><li>Saint Genis Laval</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Thomas, R C" sort="Thomas, R C" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="R. C." last="Thomas">R. C. Thomas</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Aldering, G" sort="Aldering, G" uniqKey="Aldering G" first="G." last="Aldering">G. Aldering</name><name sortKey="Aragon, C" sort="Aragon, C" uniqKey="Aragon C" first="C." last="Aragon">C. Aragon</name><name sortKey="Bailey, S" sort="Bailey, S" uniqKey="Bailey S" first="S." last="Bailey">S. Bailey</name><name sortKey="Baltay, C" sort="Baltay, C" uniqKey="Baltay C" first="C." last="Baltay">C. Baltay</name><name sortKey="Brown, P J" sort="Brown, P J" uniqKey="Brown P" first="P. J." last="Brown">P. J. Brown</name><name sortKey="Childress, M" sort="Childress, M" uniqKey="Childress M" first="M." last="Childress">M. Childress</name><name sortKey="Childress, M" sort="Childress, M" uniqKey="Childress M" first="M." last="Childress">M. Childress</name><name sortKey="Fakhouri, H K" sort="Fakhouri, H K" uniqKey="Fakhouri H" first="H. K." last="Fakhouri">H. K. Fakhouri</name><name sortKey="Fakhouri, H K" sort="Fakhouri, H K" uniqKey="Fakhouri H" first="H. K." last="Fakhouri">H. K. Fakhouri</name><name sortKey="Hsiao, E Y" sort="Hsiao, E Y" uniqKey="Hsiao E" first="E. Y." last="Hsiao">E. Y. Hsiao</name><name sortKey="Loken, S" sort="Loken, S" uniqKey="Loken S" first="S." last="Loken">S. Loken</name><name sortKey="Nugent, P" sort="Nugent, P" uniqKey="Nugent P" first="P." last="Nugent">P. Nugent</name><name sortKey="Perlmutter, S" sort="Perlmutter, S" uniqKey="Perlmutter S" first="S." last="Perlmutter">S. Perlmutter</name><name sortKey="Perlmutter, S" sort="Perlmutter, S" uniqKey="Perlmutter S" first="S." last="Perlmutter">S. Perlmutter</name><name sortKey="Rabinowitz, D" sort="Rabinowitz, D" uniqKey="Rabinowitz D" first="D." last="Rabinowitz">D. Rabinowitz</name><name sortKey="Rubin, D" sort="Rubin, D" uniqKey="Rubin D" first="D." last="Rubin">D. Rubin</name><name sortKey="Rubin, D" sort="Rubin, D" uniqKey="Rubin D" first="D." last="Rubin">D. Rubin</name><name sortKey="Runge, K" sort="Runge, K" uniqKey="Runge K" first="K." last="Runge">K. Runge</name><name sortKey="Thomas, R C" sort="Thomas, R C" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="R. C." last="Thomas">R. C. Thomas</name><name sortKey="Thomas, R C" sort="Thomas, R C" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="R. C." last="Thomas">R. C. Thomas</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Antilogus, P" sort="Antilogus, P" uniqKey="Antilogus P" first="P." last="Antilogus">P. Antilogus</name></region><name sortKey="Bongard, S" sort="Bongard, S" uniqKey="Bongard S" first="S." last="Bongard">S. Bongard</name><name sortKey="Canto, A" sort="Canto, A" uniqKey="Canto A" first="A." last="Canto">A. Canto</name><name sortKey="Chotard, N" sort="Chotard, N" uniqKey="Chotard N" first="N." last="Chotard">N. Chotard</name><name sortKey="Copin, Y" sort="Copin, Y" uniqKey="Copin Y" first="Y." last="Copin">Y. Copin</name><name sortKey="Gangler, E" sort="Gangler, E" uniqKey="Gangler E" first="E." last="Gangler">E. Gangler</name><name sortKey="Pain, R" sort="Pain, R" uniqKey="Pain R" first="R." last="Pain">R. Pain</name><name sortKey="Pecontal, E" sort="Pecontal, E" uniqKey="Pecontal E" first="E." last="Pecontal">E. Pecontal</name><name sortKey="Pereira, R" sort="Pereira, R" uniqKey="Pereira R" first="R." last="Pereira">R. Pereira</name><name sortKey="Rigault, M" sort="Rigault, M" uniqKey="Rigault M" first="M." last="Rigault">M. Rigault</name><name sortKey="Scalzo, R" sort="Scalzo, R" uniqKey="Scalzo R" first="R." last="Scalzo">R. Scalzo</name><name sortKey="Smadja, G" sort="Smadja, G" uniqKey="Smadja G" first="G." last="Smadja">G. Smadja</name><name sortKey="Tao, C" sort="Tao, C" uniqKey="Tao C" first="C." last="Tao">C. Tao</name><name sortKey="Weaver, B A" sort="Weaver, B A" uniqKey="Weaver B" first="B. A." last="Weaver">B. A. Weaver</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Buton, C" sort="Buton, C" uniqKey="Buton C" first="C." last="Buton">C. Buton</name></region><name sortKey="Kerschhaggl, M" sort="Kerschhaggl, M" uniqKey="Kerschhaggl M" first="M." last="Kerschhaggl">M. Kerschhaggl</name><name sortKey="Kowalski, M" sort="Kowalski, M" uniqKey="Kowalski M" first="M." last="Kowalski">M. Kowalski</name><name sortKey="Paech, K" sort="Paech, K" uniqKey="Paech K" first="K." last="Paech">K. Paech</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tao, C" sort="Tao, C" uniqKey="Tao C" first="C." last="Tao">C. Tao</name></noRegion></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wu, C" sort="Wu, C" uniqKey="Wu C" first="C." last="Wu">C. Wu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Milne, P A" sort="Milne, P A" uniqKey="Milne P" first="P. A." last="Milne">P. A. Milne</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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